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Introduction | Working With Animator |
This chapter describes how to start Animator.
2.1 Preparing for Animation
Before you use Animator, you must compile your source code, including all called programs. See your Server Express User's Guide for complete details on compiling in your given environment. You can syntax-check your programs using the COBOL Editor. See the section Syntax-checking and Animating in the chapter Editor of your Utilities Handbook for information. You can animate source files containing lines longer than 80 characters, provided that you compiled your program with the SOURCEFORMAT'FREE' directive. However, you should be aware that while Animator does tolerate free-format source code, it does not scroll beyond the normal COBOL margins, so results can be unpredictable.
Note: Programs that output escape sequences to the screen (for example, for cursor and color handling) required the setting of the COBCTRLCHAR environment variable in previous products and debugging of such programs was not supported. The COBCTRLCHAR support, and therefore the ability to output escape sequences, has been removed from this product.
If a program writes directly to the screen, bypassing the COBOL screen handling syntax and routines, you can only debug the program using cross-session debugging. For details on cross-session debugging, see the section Cross-session Debugging.
Animator can be used to debug files in any executable format. The following sections show you how to use the Cob utility to create an executable file ready for use by Animator; in each case, an Animator information file is produced. This file contains additional information required by Animator; it has the file extension .idy. The .idy file created by Server Express is portable to Net Express and Mainframe Express, enabling you to debug your application using these development environments. If you port the .idy file, you must port its associated .int file. You cannot port an .idy file with any other type of executable file for debugging in another environment.
If the system is unable to write to an .idy file, you could receive the following error:
You should ensure that sufficient disk space is available, and remove any LOCK or READ ONLY attributes that your file contains, and recompile your program.
See the chapters:
- COBOL System Interface (Cob) for information on the Cob
utility - Descriptions of Cob Flags for details on the Cob flags
Both chapters are in your Server Express User's Guide.
To create an .int file:
By default, the COBOL system uses the -a cob flag to compile your source files ready for animation.
To create a .gnt file:
To create a callable shared object file:
To create a system executable file:
2.2 Starting Animator
You can start Animator in various ways:
- From the command line
- By just-in-time debugging
- For core file debugging
- By unsolicited dynamic attachment
- By the CBL_DEBUGBREAK library routine
This section describes how to start Animator, and how to set up applications to start Animator. In all cases, if you want to use Animator to debug a program, that program must first be compiled for debugging. Autodesk flame 2019 – advanced 3d visual effects software.
Note: You can invoke Animator using the COBOL Editor. See the section Syntax-checking and Animating in the chapter Editor of your Utilities Handbook for information.
![Core Core](https://koenig-media.raywenderlich.com/uploads/2019/09/05-Animate-Username-Field-In-416x320.png)
Before you invoke Animator, set the environment variable TERM to the appropriate value for your terminal. To enable Animator to search for the required source files and information files in directories other than the current working directory you must set up the COBPATH, COBCPY, COBIDY and COBAIF environment variables. See the appendix Micro Focus Environment Variables in your Server Express User's Guide for details.
2.2.1 Starting Animator From the Command Line
You can start Animator from the command line:
- At your terminal, using a specified program
- In a different window or process to the program being debugged
- In sleep mode
2.2.1.1 Starting Animator at Your Terminal
To invoke Animator in the current window use the anim command.
or:
Use anim_t Live home 3d pro 3 7 1. if your program is multi-threaded. The parameters are:
switchparams | A set of switches. Each switch must be preceded by a plus sign (+) to turn it on, or a minus sign (-) to turn it off. Switches can be set in any order. The last setting of the switch is the one that is accepted. See the chapter Descriptions of Run-time Switches in your Server Express User's Guide for details on the switches available. |
program-name | The name of the file you want to animate. If you do not specify a path, the current directory is assumed. If you do not specify an extension, a callable shared object is first searched for, followed by .gnt , .int, then .lbr files. |
directives | An optional sequence of one or more Animator directives. Each directive must be separated by at least one space and must not be broken across lines. See the chapter Directives for Animator for details on the directives available. |
2.2.1.2 Starting Animator in a Different Window or Process
You can start Animator in a different window or process to the program being debugged. This is most useful for debugging using unsolicited dynamic attachment. To run Animator in this way, use the cobanim command:
or:
Use cobanim_t if your program is multi-threaded.
The parameters are:
switchparams | A set of switches. Each switch must be preceded by a plus sign (+) to turn it on, or a minus sign (-) to turn it off. Switches can be set in any order. The last setting of the switch is the one that is accepted. See the chapter Descriptions of Run-time Switches in your Server Express User's Guide for details on the switches available. |
directives | An optional sequence of one or more Animator directives. Each directive must be separated by at least one space and must not be broken across lines. See the chapter Directives for Animator for details on the directives available. |
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2.2.1.3 Starting Animator In Sleep Mode
You can start Animator in sleep mode. Animator sleeps until a process attaches to it, and then starts in a different window or process to the program you are debugging. This is most useful for cross-session debugging. To run Animator in this way, use the cobanimsrv command:
or:
Use cobanimsrv_t if your program is multi-threaded.
The parameters are:
directives | An optional sequence of one or more Animator directives. Each directive must be separated by at least one space and must not be broken across lines. See the chapter Directives for Animator for details on the directives available. |
2.2.1.4 Specifying Animator Directives
You can use directives when Animator is invoked to modify its behavior. You specify directives after the program-name on the command line.
The format for specifying directives is given here. See the chapter Directives for Animator for details on the directives available.
Use the following format for Animator directives:
where the parameters are:
no | Turns keyword off. no can either adjoin the keyword or be separated from it by one or more spaces. no applies only to certain directives as indicated in the directive's description. |
keyword | One or more Animator directives described in the chapter Directives for Animator. If you do specify more than one directive, they must all be enclosed in quotation marks. This is necessary to inform UNIX that all the directives in them are grouped together. If you omit the quotation marks, second and subsequent directives are ignored although no warning to this effect is given. |
parameter | A qualifier to keyword and applies only to certain directives as indicated in the directive's description. =parameter must adjoin keyword . You must not include any spaces in an Animator parameter because UNIX treats the space character as a delimiter. If parameter is a filename, it can be a fully specified filename, including path, unless otherwise stated. If you specify an Animator directive in a $SET statement or in a DIRECTIVES file, parameter cannot be preceded by an equals sign (=). It must be enclosed either in double quotation marks (' ') or parentheses ( ). |
2.2.2 Just-in-time Debugging
Just-in-time debugging enables you to start Animator and debug a running program if it terminates with a run-time error. This enables you to see what was happening when the program failed.
To start just-in-time debugging you need to add the run-time tunable
debug_on_error
to the configuration file. To specify which debugger to start, add the run-time tunable debugger_command
to the configuration file. For details on the run-time configuration file and run-time tunables, see the chapter Run-time Configuration in your Server Express User's Guide.
2.2.3 Core File Debugging
Core file debugging enables you to see what went wrong during the execution of a program. When an error occurs, the operating system generates a core file. The core file is a snapshot of the process's memory when program execution failed.
To generate a core file you need to add the run-time tunable
core_on_error
to the run-time configuration file. For details on the run-time configuration file and run-time tunables, see the chapter Run-time Configuration in your Server Express User's Guide.
Note: If the tunable
debug_on_error
is set, the core_on_error
tunable is overridden. You must therefore delete any reference to debug_on_error
. To view a core file, start Animator:
2.2.4 Unsolicited Dynamic Attachment Debugging
Unsolicited dynamic attachment enables you to start Animator at any point in a program. To start an unsolicited dynamic attachment you tell Animator which process it needs to attach to.
Use system commands, such as
ps
, to ascertain the process id of the program to which you want to attach Animator. Then start Animator using the process id:2.2.5 The CBL_DEBUGBREAK Routine
CBL_DEBUGBREAK is a run-time library routine. It enables you to attach Animator at any point during COBOL code execution. If you have this routine in your program, then Animator starts debugging your program at the line that calls this routine.
For details on using this routine, see the chapter Library Routines.
2.2.6 Specifying Screen Size for Screen-swapping
When Animator executes a program, the program might need to use the terminal for input and output. If you only have access to a single terminal, and both Animator and the executing program need access to it, Animator keeps a virtual image of the program's output in the background. This image is displayed, and Animator swapped to the background, if you press F2=View, or if Animator itself displays the program's output (during Step or Zoom operations, for example).
By default, the size of this virtual screen is set to 24 lines. You can change this by setting the environment variable LINES before starting Animator; for example:
You should not set LINES to a size greater than the actual depth of the screen.
For detailed information on environment variables, see the appendix Micro Focus Environment Variables in your Server Express User's Guide.
2.2.7 Screen Borders on aixterm
On AIX systems, aixterm terminals have an inner border between the window border and the text. The color of the inner border is always the same as the current background color. When you are using Animator, the background color can change depending on the current function, such as querying a data item; in this case, the color of the terminal border also changes. If you find this distracting, and want to prevent it happening, you are advised to remove the inner border. You can do this by setting the border's size to zero in your .Xdefaults file:
2.2.8 The .aif File and Animator
Animator can keep a record of the breakpoints and monitors you set, so that when you next load the program into Animator, breakpoints and monitors remain in the same state as when you set them in the previous Animator session. This information is kept in the session information file, which has the file extension .aif. Session information files are usually referred to as .aif files. Breakpoints and monitors are described in the chapter Working With Animator
You specify that Animator is to save and load .aif files by setting the COBAIF Animator directive. For information on the COBAIF Animator directive, see the chapter Directives for Animator.
You can specify the directory in which Animator searches for or creates the .aif file using the $COBAIF environment variable; see the appendix Micro Focus Environment Variables in your User's Guide for details.
.aif files are only loaded or saved by Animator if Animator is started using the anim or anim_t command. A session information file is not loaded or saved if you:
- Run a program using COBSW=+A, so that it runs under the control of Animator
- Use remote debugging
- Start Animator using the CBL_DEBUGBREAK library routine
- Start Animator using the cobanim or cobanimsrv commands
2.3 Debugging a Preprocessor
If you need to debug a preprocessor you must start Animator using the CBL_DEBUGBREAK routine. Insert this routine at a suitable point in the preprocessor source code. When the program calls this routine, Animator starts and attaches to the preprocessor.
2.4 Mixed-language Debugging
To enable mixed-language programming, you use Animator and any relevant system debugger. You use Animator to debug the COBOL program - running as one process - and the system debugger to debug the non-COBOL program - running as a separate process.
After compiling both the COBOL and other-language program for debugging, start Animator using the COBOL program, specifying the MIXEDLANGDEBUG Animator directive:
Note: If you specify MIXEDLANGDEBUG you can only debug using .int files.
You can step through the program as you would normally. When the program calls the other-language program, switch to a different terminal or X window. Ascertain the process id of the running program, using system commands such as
grep
.Start the system debugger using the process id. Use the commands in the system debugger to stop when the program enters the called subprogram. From the the terminal or X window where Animator is running, step into the call to the sub-program.
Switch back to the terminal or X window in which the system debugger is running. The debugger should have stopped in the called program. You can now debug this function as you like by, for example, setting more breakpoints or querying values, and so on.
Note: For information on using the system debugger, see your system documentation. No information on using system debuggers is given in this manual.
2.4.1 Mixed-language Debugging of Callable Shared Objects
If you are developing a mixed-language application and need to debug a non-COBOL shared object that dynamically loads another non-COBOL shared object, you might find that the system debugger will not allow you to set any breakpoints in the callable shared object until it has been loaded.
To debug your program in this circumstance, you must set a breakpoint on a function called
mF_cso_loaded()
; this enables you to see when the run-time system loads and unloads shared objects from memory. When you see that your callable shared object has been loaded, you can then set your own breakpoints.The function
mF_cso_loaded()
is called whenever a callable shared object is loaded or unloaded. It has two arguments; the first is the name of the callable shared object being loaded or unloaded, while the second is set to zero for a load, non-zero for an unload.![Core Core](https://mac-cdn.softpedia.com/screenshots/Core-Animator_2.jpg)
2.5 Debugging Multi-threaded Programs
This section assumes that you are familiar with multi-threaded programming. If you are not, see your Multi-threaded Programming book.
When you compile your application, you use the Cob -t flag to specify that the program is multi-threaded. You can then run the program using the trigger for the multi-threaded run-time system, cobrun_t, setting the +A run-time switch to start Animator:
or start Animator:
Each of the triggers cobrun, anim and cobanim have a corresponding multi-threaded version cobrun_t, anim_t and cobanim_t.
When Animator starts, you can use its View-threads function to view multiple threads. See the chapter Working With Animator for functions that you can use to debug multi-threaded applications.
You can use core file debugging, just-in-time debugging and unsolicited dynamic attachment with multi-threaded programs as described in the previous sections; the difference is that you use the _t suffix with any triggers.
2.5.1 Multi-threading and Animator
You can use Animator with multi-threading programs in two ways:
- By starting one of the multi-threading versions of Animator using those commands that end in _t; for example anim_t
- By starting Animator with the MULTITHREAD directive specified
If you start Animator with the MULTITHREAD directive specified, Animator runs in the non-threaded run-time system, but creates a multi-threading environment for the animated program. This means that Animator does not incur the processing overheads of a multi-threading run-time system, and Animator performance (speed) is therefore not degraded. However, as two different run-time systems (that is, one threaded, the other non-threaded) are loaded into system memory space, using the MULTITHREAD directive might result in a decrease in the overall performance of the operating system.
If you use the _t version of the commands that start Animator, both Animator and the animated program run in the multi-threaded run-time system. This can affect the speed at which Animator and the animated programs run because both use whatever system resources are necessary to maintain thread state information. However, using _t commands has the advantage over the MULTITHREAD directive that the operating system can share the code spaces of the two executing run-time system shared libraries, so memory use might not be adversely affected.
No hard and fast rules can be given as to whether you should use the _t commands, or the MULTITHREAD directive. Generally, if speed is an issue, use Animator with the MULTITHREAD directive; if memory use is an issue, use the _t commands.
For information on Animator directives, see the chapter Directives for Animator
2.6 Debugging CGI Programs
You can use Animator to debug CGI programs using any of the following:
- Animator from the command line
- Animator from the CBL_DEBUGBREAK routine
- Just-in-time debugging
For more information on debugging CGI programs, see the section Debugging the Application in the chapter Building Internet Programs in your Internet Applications book.
2.7 Cross-session Debugging
Cross-session debugging enables you to use Animator on a different console to that on which the program to be debugged is running. Although this is similar to unsolicited dynamic attachment, cross-session debugging is different in that Animator is started first and left in a waiting state; it then attaches to the first COBOL program to start. Animator will attach to a running program if:
- Animator and the program are running in the same location
- The COBANIMSRV environment variable has been set to a value
If you start Animator in the same directory as that in which you run the program that is to be debugged, the program will attach to the waiting Animator process.
For example, in one console session type:
Animator is now waiting for a program to start in the /home/user/program/debug directory. Therefore, if in another console session you start a program in the same directory:
prog1.int attaches to the waiting Animator process; the Animator main screen is displayed and the cursor is placed on the first line of prog1.int.
You can also specify a unique identifier using the COBANIMSRV environment variable to the processes for Animator and a program you want to debug. Animator will then only debug a program that has a matching identifier. For example, in one console session:
myid
is now a unique identifier you can use to match Animator to a program. Type the command to start Animator:The Animator waits for a COBOL program to start that has a matching identifier. In another console session:
When prog1.int starts, the unique identifier
myid
matches that of Animator, so Animator attaches to this process. In console session 1, the Animator main screen is displayed and the cursor placed on the first line of prog1.int. The user id of the Animator process and the running program need to be the same, otherwise this method will not work.
2.8 Remote Debugging
You can use Net Express to debug programs on your UNIX system. This enables you to debug programs that you have developed on a UNIX system using Server Express, or published on a UNIX system using the Net Express UNIX Option. The remote debugging capability is provided in Net Express Version 3. See your Net Express documentation for information on remote debugging.
To debug a program on your UNIX system using Net Express remote debugging, you need to start the debug server on your UNIX system. Two versions of the debug server are provided, enabling you to debug non-threaded and threaded applications. The debug server is started using:
- animserv32 for non-threaded applications on 32-bit systems, or animserv64 for non-threaded applications on 64-bit systems
- animserv32_t for threaded applications on 32-bit systems, or animserv64_t for threaded applications on 64-bit systems
All versions of the debug server provide the same level of functionality, although the threaded versions provides a better response time for asynchronous event handling such as acknowledgment of the Break button, or the setting of breakpoints while the application is executing.
The version of the debug server used does not affect the type of application that can be debugged. animserv32 or animserv64 can be used to debug a multi-threaded application, while animserv32_t or animserv64_t can be used to debug a non-threaded application. However, assuming that response time for asynchronous events is not important, we recommend you use animserv32oranimserv64 for non-threaded applications and animserv32_t or animserv64_t for multi-threaded applications, as this provides the most efficient use of system resources.
2.8.1 Using animserv32 and animserv64
You start the animserv32 and animserv64 debug server using the command:
or:
where the parameters are:
xx | 32 or 64. Specifies the version of the debug server for the 32-bit or 64-bit environments. |
nnn | Specifies that port number nnn should be used rather than a dynamically allocated port. You should only specify a port if other people are also using the remote machine for remote debugging. The port number should be a unique number greater than 1024. If you do not specify a port number, a port number is allocated; this allocated number is displayed on your terminal. You will need to enter the port number into the Net Express Animate Settings dialog box. See your Net Express documentation for details. |
2.8.2 Using animserv32_t and animserv64_t
You start the animserv32_t and animserv64_t debug server using the command:
or:
where the parameters are:
xx | 32 or 64. Specifies the version of the debug server for the 32-bit or 64-bit environments. |
nnn | Specifies that port number nnn should be used rather than a dynamically allocated port. You should only specify a port if other people are also using the remote machine for remote debugging. The port number should be a unique number greater than 1024. If you do not specify a port number, a port number is allocated; this allocated number is displayed on your terminal. |
single | Use the single-threaded run-time system; this is equivalent to using the animserv32 or animserv64 debug server. |
multi | Use the multi-threaded run-time system. |
You will need to enter the port number into the Net Express Animate Settings dialog box. See your Net Express documentation for details.
2.9 Debugging Shared Libraries on HP-UX
HP-UX:
In order to debug shared libraries on HP-UX, the HP-UX dynamic linker needs to be instructed to load any shared libraries into private memory instead of shared memory. If the libraries are not loaded privately, Animator cannot set any breakpoints within the shared library.
In order to debug shared libraries on HP-UX, the HP-UX dynamic linker needs to be instructed to load any shared libraries into private memory instead of shared memory. If the libraries are not loaded privately, Animator cannot set any breakpoints within the shared library.
When you use Animator to debug shared libraries or a program containing shared libraries (that is, files that have an .sl file extgension), Animator dynamically modifies the start-up sequence of the program being debugged so that shared libraries are loaded privately.
However, if you attempt to dynamically debug an process that is already running (for example, by using unsolicited dynamic attachment as described in the section Unsolicited Dynamic Attachment Debugging), then, by default, shared libraries are not privately mapped and Animator cannot set any breakpoints in any shared libraries.
Note: This is a general HP-UX limitation which also affects dde and gdb.
To dynamically attach to a running process and debug any shared libraries it contains, you need to run the pxdb command on the executable before the process is started.
To enable debugging of executables that are or contain shared libraries:
To disable debugging of executables that are or contain shared libraries:
where executable is an executable program that is or contains an .sl file.
Warning: If you enable debugging of executables that are or contain shared libraries, then all shared libraries loaded by an executable are mapped privately for each instance for the executable. If the executable is invoked multiple times on a multi-user system, this can result in a greatly increased memory requirement.
2.10 Error Messages
A run-time system error message is returned on a program that is syntactically correct but which encounters problems during the actual running of the intermediate code. When animating a program, run-time errors are displayed on the bottom line of the screen. See your Error Messages for a complete description of possible run-time errors and their format.
2.11 Copyfile and Information File Location
You can direct the COBOL Compiler to look for copyfiles in a particular location if they are not found in the same directory as the main source file. You do this by setting the environment variable COBCPY. When you are using Animator, a copyfile is searched for in the path where it was found during compilation. If it is not found there, the directories specified by the COBCPY environment variable are searched.
To set the COBCPY environment variable enter:
You can direct Animator to look for its information (.idy) files in a particular location if they are not found in the same directory as the program being animated. To do this, you set the COBIDY environment variable. For example:
This document and the proprietary marks and names used herein are protected by international law.
Introduction | Working With Animator |
Disney's Nine Old Men. From left to right:
Back row: Milt Kahl, Marc Davis, Frank Thomas, Eric Larson, and Ollie Johnston. Front row: Woolie Reitherman, Les Clark, Ward Kimball, and John Lounsbery.
Back row: Milt Kahl, Marc Davis, Frank Thomas, Eric Larson, and Ollie Johnston. Front row: Woolie Reitherman, Les Clark, Ward Kimball, and John Lounsbery.
Disney's Nine Old Men were Walt Disney Productions' core animators,[1] some of whom later became directors, who created some of Disney's most famous animated cartoons, from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs onward to The Rescuers, and were referred to as such by Walt Disney himself.[Note 1] They worked in both short films and feature films. Disney delegated more and more tasks to them in the animation department in the early 1950s when their interests expanded and diversified their scope. All members of the group are deceased. John Lounsbery was the first to die, in 1976 from heart failure, and the last survivor was Ollie Johnston, who died in 2008 from natural causes. All have been acknowledged as Disney Legends.
Core Animator 1 4 Download
History[edit]
According to researcher Neal Gabler and animator Frank Thomas, a board was formed to study all possible problems affecting the company in relation to its work between 1945 and 1947. One day in the early 1950s, there were nine members on the board and Walt Disney named the group 'Nine Old Men'.[2] Disney delegated more and more tasks to them in the field of animation as the work of the company diversified. As well as being honored as Disney Legends in 1989, all of the Nine Old Men were separately honored with the Winsor McCay Award (the lifetime achievement award for animators) during the 1970s and 1980s.
Members[edit]
Core Animator 1 4.1
- Les Clark (November 17, 1907 – September 12, 1979), who joined Disney in 1927. Although Clark started his career at Disney working on the Alice comedies' shorts, his specialty was animating Mickey Mouse as he was the only one of the Nine Old Men to work on that character from its origins with Ub Iwerks. Les did many scenes throughout the years, animating up until Lady and the Tramp. He moved into directing and made many animated featurettes and shorts, although since 1964 almost all the films in which Clark worked are short films.
- Marc Davis (March 30, 1913 – January 12, 2000) started in 1935 on Snow White, and later he went on to develop/animate the characters of Bambi and Thumper (in Bambi), Tinker Bell (in Peter Pan), Maleficent, Aurora and the raven (in Sleeping Beauty), and Cruella de Vil (in One Hundred and One Dalmatians). Davis was responsible for character design for both the Pirates of the Caribbean and Haunted Mansion attractions at Disneyland.
- Frank Thomas (center) and Ollie Johnston (right) with their wives in 1985Ollie Johnston (October 31, 1912 – April 14, 2008), who joined Disney in 1935, first worked on Snow White. He went on to author the animator's bible The Illusion of Life with Frank Thomas. His work includes Mr. Smee (in Peter Pan), the Stepsisters (in Cinderella), the District Attorney (in The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad), and Prince John (in Robin Hood). According to the book The Disney Villain, written by Johnston and Frank Thomas, Johnston also partnered with Thomas on creating characters such as Ichabod Crane (in The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad) and Sir Hiss (in Robin Hood).
- Milt Kahl (March 22, 1909 – April 19, 1987) started in 1934 working on Snow White. His work included heroes such as Pinocchio (in Pinocchio), Tigger (in The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh), Peter Pan (in Peter Pan), and Slue-Foot Sue (in Melody Time) and villains such as Madam Mim (in The Sword in the Stone), Shere Khan (in The Jungle Book), Edgar the butler (in The Aristocats), the Sheriff of Nottingham (in Robin Hood), and Madame Medusa (in The Rescuers).
- Ward Kimball (March 4, 1914 – July 8, 2002) joined Disney in 1934 and retired in 1973.[3] His work includes Jiminy Cricket (in Pinocchio), Lucifer, Jaq and Gus (in Cinderella), and the Mad Hatter and Cheshire Cat (in Alice in Wonderland). Specialized in drawing comic characters, his work was often more 'wild' than the other Disney animators and was unique. In 1968 he created and released a non-Disney anti-Vietnam War animated short, Escalation.
- Eric Larson (September 3, 1905 – October 25, 1988) joined in 1933. One of the top animators at Disney, he animated notable characters such as Peg in Lady and the Tramp; the Vultures in The Jungle Book; Peter Pan's flight over London to Neverland (in Peter Pan); and Brer Rabbit, Brer Fox, and Brer Bear (in Song of the South). Because of Larson's demeanor and ability to train new talent, Larson was given the task to spot and train new animators at Disney in the 1970s. Many of the top talents at Disney in later years were trained by Eric in the 1970s and 1980s.
- John Lounsbery (March 9, 1911 – February 13, 1976) started in 1935 and, working under Norm 'Fergy' Ferguson, quickly became a star animator. Lounsbery, affectionately known as 'Louns' by his fellow animators, was an incredibly strong draftsman who inspired many animators over the years. His animation was noted for its squashy, stretchy feel. Lounsbery animated J. Worthington Foulfellow and Gideon in Pinocchio; Ben Ali Gator in Fantasia; George Darling in Peter Pan; Tony, Joe, and some of the dogs in Lady and the Tramp; Kings Stefan and Hubert in Sleeping Beauty; The Elephants in The Jungle Book; and many others. In the 1970s, Louns was promoted to Director and co-directed Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too and his last film, The Rescuers.
- Wolfgang Reitherman (June 26, 1909 – May 22, 1985) joined Disney in 1933 as an animator and director. He produced all the animated Disney films after Walt's death until his retirement; In the 1950s, Reitherman was promoted as a director. He also directed a sequence in Sleeping Beauty which featured Prince Phillip's escape from Maleficent's castle and his eventual battle against her as a terrible fire-breathing dragon. Some of his work includes Monstro (in Pinocchio), The Headless Horseman (in The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad), the Crocodile (in Peter Pan), and the Rat (in Lady and the Tramp).
- Frank Thomas (September 5, 1912 – September 8, 2004) joined Disney in 1934. He went on to author the animator's bible The Illusion of Life with Ollie Johnston. His work included the wicked Stepmother (in Cinderella), the Queen of Hearts (in Alice in Wonderland), and Captain Hook (in Peter Pan). Frank also was responsible for the iconic spaghetti scene in Lady and the Tramp.
In 2012, Frank Thomas' son, Theodore Thomas, produced a documentary featuring the children of the animators remembering their fathers, Growing up with Nine Old Men (included in the Diamond edition of the Peter Pan DVD.)[4]
Legacy[edit]
As part of their work for Disney, the Nine Old Men refined the 12 basic principles of animation:
- Staging
- Straight Ahead Action and Pose to Pose
- Slow In and Slow Out
- Arcs
- Secondary Action
- Timing
- Solid Drawing
- Appeal
In 1981, after retiring, Johnston and Thomas published the book Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life, which sets out the 12 basic principles of animation and helps to preserve the animation techniques that the Disney company created.
Another important component of the Nine Old Men's legacy are the many animators in the contemporary animation industry who can directly or indirectly trace their training to someone who was either their apprentice at Disney Animation or their student at CalArts. For example, Wayne Unten, the supervising animator for Elsa in Disney's Frozen, has noted that he apprenticed with John Ripa, who in turn apprenticed with Glen Keane, who in turn apprenticed with Johnston.[5]
Feature films[edit]
Title[Note 2] | Les Clark | Marc Davis | Ollie Johnston | Milt Kahl | Ward Kimball | Eric Larson | John Lounsbery | Wolfgang Reitherman | Frank Thomas |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs | Animator | Animator and designer for Snow White | Assistant animator | Animator for The Prince, the Forest Animals | Animator | Animator for Forest Animals, Dwarfs on deer | Assistant animator | Animator | Animator for The Dwarfs |
Pinocchio | Animator | Animator | Animator for Pinocchio | Animation director/animator for Pinocchio and some scenes of Jiminy Cricket | Animation Director/Designer and animator for Jiminy Cricket | Animation Director for Figaro, Cleo, Marionettes, Donkeys | Animator for 'Honest' John Worthington Foutfellow, Gideon | Animation Director | Animator for Pinocchio |
Fantasia | Animator | x | Animator for Centaurettes and Cupids in 'Pastoral Symphony' Segment | x | Animation Supervisor for the segment 'The Pastoral Symphony' | Animation Supervisor for the segment 'The Pastoral Symphony' | Animator for the Segment 'Dance of the Hours' (Hyacinth Hippo, Hippos, Ben Alligator, Alligators) | Animation Supervisor for the segment 'The Rite of Spring | x |
The Reluctant Dragon | x | x | x | x | Animator | x | x | Animator | x |
Dumbo | Animator | x | x | x | Animation Director for Crows | Animator | Animation Director for Dumbo, Timothy Q. Mouse | Animation Director | x |
Bambi | Animator | Animator and designer for Bambi, Faline, female rabbit, Flower and female skunk | Animator for Bambi's mother's death, Thumper reciting his father's lesson | Supervising animator for Bambi, Thumper, Deer | x | Supervising Animator for Thumper, Friend Owl | Supervising animator | Supervising animator | Animator for Bambi and Thumper ice-skating |
Saludos Amigos | Animator | x | x | Animator for the rides a Llama sequence | Animator | x | x | Animator | x |
The Three Caballeros | Animator | x | Animator for Donald Duck and 'The Flying Gauchito' segment | Animator | Animator | Animator for 'The Flying Gauchito', Donald Duck, Jose Carioca, Panchito and Aracuan segments | Animator for Donald Duck, Jose Carioca, Panchito | x | Animator for 'The Flying Gauchito' segment |
Make Mine Music | Animator | x | Animator for 'Peter and the Wolf' and 'Casey at the Bat' segments | Animator for 'The Martins and the Coys', 'All the Cats Join In' | Animator | Animator for 'Casey at the Bat' 'Peter and the Wolf' | Animator for Wolf in 'Peter and the Wolf' and 'The Whale who Wanted to the sing at the Met' | x | x |
Song of the South | Directing Animator | Directing Animator, animator and designer for Brer Rabbit, Brer Fox and Brer Bear | Animator for Br'er Rabbit, Br'er Fox, Br'er Bear | Directing animator for Br'er Rabbit, Br'er Fox, and Br'er Bear (The Tar Baby sequence) | x | Directing Animator | Directing Animator | x | x |
Fun and Fancy Free | Directing Animator | Animator and designer for Bongo, butterfly, and yawning trees | Animator for Jiminy Cricket | Lulubelle, Lumpjaw, bears (uncredited) | Directing Animator | Animator | Directing Animator for Jiminy Cricket, Mickey Mouse, Willie the Giant | Directing Animator | x |
Melody Time | Directing Animator | x | Animator for Johnny Appleseed, Johnny's Guardian Angel, Johnny's Ghost, Little Toot | Directing animator for the Johnny Appleseed, Johnny's Guardian Angel, Pecos Bill, Widowmaker and Slue Foot Sue segments | Directing Animator for Pecos Bill y his sequences | Directing Animator for 'Once Upon A Wintertime', 'Johnny Appleseed' and 'Little Toot' segments | Directing Animator for 'Once Upon A Wintertime', 'Blame it on the Samba' and 'Pecos Bill' | x | x |
So Dear to My Heart | Animator | x | x | Animator | x | Animator | Animator | x | x |
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad | Animator | Animator and designer for Mr. Toad, Cyril Proudbottom, Rat, Mole, Angus MacBadger, Mr. Winkie and the weasels | Directing animator/Animator for J.Thaddeus Toad, Ratty, Moley, Angus Macbadger, The Prosecutor, The Judge, Ichabod Crane, Katrina Von Tassel, Baltus Von Tassel, Brom Bones | Directing animator for Angus MacBadger, Rat, Mole, angry mob and Brom Bones | Directing Animator and character animator of both shorts | Animator | Directing Animator for Ichabod Crane's introductory scenes | Directing Animator | Directing animador/Animator for Mr. Toad, Cyril Proudbottom, Rat, Mole, Ichabod Crane and his horse, Katrina Von Tassel, Brom Bones, laughing fat lady |
Cinderella | Directing Animator | Animator and designer for Cinderella, Stepsisters (tearing Cinderella's dress apart), Prince Charming, the King (close up of hands and bookends) and the Grand Duke (close up of hands and bookends) | Directing animator/Animator for Stepsisters, Lackey | Directing animator for Fairy Godmother, Prince Charming, the King and the Grand Duke | Directing Animator for Jaq and Gus and Lucifer the Cat | Directing Animator for Cinderella, Prince Charming | Directing Animator for Jaq, Gus, Lucifer, Mice, Bruno, Major | Directing Animator | Directing animador/Animator for Lady Tremaine, Grand Duke |
Alice in Wonderland | Directing Animator | Animator and designer for Alice and the eyeglasses creature | Directing animator/Animator for Alice, King of Hearts | Directing animator for Alice, the White Rabbit (one scene), the Dodo, Flamingo and Hedgehog | Directing Animator/Designer and animator for Tweedledee and Tweedledum, the Walrus and the Carpenter, Cheshire Cat, Mad Hatter and Tea Party sequence | Directing Animator for Alice, Dinah, Caterpillar, Queen Of Hearts | Directing Animator for Flowers, Catepillar, Cheshire Cat, Mad Hatter, Strange Creatures | Directing Animator | Directing animador/Animator for Queen of Hearts, Doorknob, strange creatures, a few scenes of the King of Hearts, Cheshire Cat (trial scene) |
Peter Pan | Directing Animator | Animator and designer for Tinker Bell and Mrs. Darling | Directing animator/Animator for Mr. Smee, a few scenes of Captain Hook | Directing animator for Peter Pan, Wendy Darling, John Darling, Michael Darling, Mr. Darling, Mrs. Darling, Nana | Directing Animator | Directing Animator for Peter Pan, Wendy, Captain Hook | Directing Animator for George Darling, Wendy, John, Michael, Mary, Nana, Lost Boys, Indians, Pirates, Captain Hook | Directing Animator | Directing animador/Animator for Captain Hook and a few scenes of Mr. Smee |
Lady and the Tramp | Directing Animator | x | Directing animator/Animator for Lady, Jock and Trusty | Directing animator for Lady, Tramp, Mr. Busy the Beaver, Trusty | x | Directing animator for Lady, Tramp, Beaver, Peg | Directing Animator for Lady, Tramp, Tony, Joe, Bull, Toughy, Boris, Peg, Professor, Cop | Directing Animator | Directing animador/Animator for Lady, Tramp and Jock |
Sleeping Beauty | Sequence Director | Animator and designer for Aurora, Maleficent, Diablo the Raven, Prince Phillip (a few scenes), King Stefan, and Queen Leah | Directing animator/Animator for Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather | Directing animator for Prince Phillip, King Hubert, King Stefan, Maitre D', animals, Samson | x | Sequence Director | Directing Animator for Prince Philip, King Hubert, King Stefan, Animals, Goons | Sequence Director | Directing animador/Animator for Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather |
One Hundred and One Dalmatians | Character Animator | Animator and designer for Cruella de Vil and Anita | Directing animator/Animator for Pongo, Perdita, Nanny | Directing animator for Roger and Anita, Pongo, Perdita, Labrador | x | Directing animator for Pongo, Perdita, Puppies, Colonel, Tibbs | Directing Animator for Pongo, Perdita, Puppies, Colonel, Tibbs, Jasper, Horace, Danny, Captain Horse | Director | Directing animador/Animator for Pongo, Perdita, Puppies |
The Sword in the Stone | Animator | x | Directing animator/Animator for Merlin, Wart, Archimedes, Sugar Bowl | Character design/directing animator for Wart (a.k.a. King Arthur), Merlin, Sir Ector, Kay, Archimedes, Kitchen Woman, Madame Mim, Dogs | x | Animator for Wart, Merlin, Archimedes, Sir Ector, Madam Mim | Directing Animator for Wart, Merlin, Archimedes, Sir Ector, Sir Kay, Sir Pelinore, Wolf, Pike, Madam Mim, Scullery Maid | Director | Directing animador/Animator for Wart, Merlin, Squirrel Scene, Madam Mim |
Mary Poppins | x | x | Animator for the Penguins | Animator for the Master of hounds, hounds, fox, stewards | Animator | Animator for Forest animals, Racers | Animator for Farm Animals, Huntsman and Horse | x | Animator for the Penguins |
The Jungle Book | x | x | Directing animator/Animator for Mowgli, Bagheera, Baloo, Shanti | Directing animator for Mowgli, Baloo, Bagheera, Shere Khan, King Louie, monkeys, Kaa, the Vultures | x | Animator for Mowgli, Bagheera, Vultures | Directing Animator for Colonel Hathi, Winifred, Junior, Elephants, Bugler elephant, Baloo, Mowgli, Bagheera, King Louie, Shere Khan, Vultures, Monkeys | Director | Directing animador/Animator for Mowgli, Baloo, Bagheera, Kaa, King Louie, Flunkey Monkey |
The Aristocats | x | x | Directing animator/Animator for Duchess, Thomas O' Malley, Marie, Berlioz, Toulouse, Amelia and Abigail Gabble, Uncle Waldo | Directing animator for Thomas O'Malley, Duchess, Madame Bonfamille, Edgar and George | x | Animator for Roquefort, Kittens, Scat Cat | Directing Animator for Edgar, George Hautecourt, Alley Cats, Roquefort | Producer and Director | Directing animador/Animator for Duchess, Thomas O' Malley, Edgar, Napoleon, Lafayette |
Bedknobs and Broomsticks | x | x | x | Animator for King Leonidas, Secretary Bird and the animals | Animation Director | Animator | Animator | x | x |
Robin Hood | Animator | x | Directing animator/Animator for Prince John, Sir Hiss, Robin Hood and Little John disguised as fortune tellers, Maid Marian, Lady Cluck | Directing animator for Robin Hood, The Sheriff of Nottingham, Little John, Allan-a-Dale (the rooster), Maid Marian, Lady Kluck, Friar Tuck, Skippy, King Richard | Character animator | Character Animator for Robin Hood, Little John, Vultures | Directing Animator for Robin Hood, Little John, Sheriff of Nottingham, Wolf Arrowmen, Otto | Producer and Director | Directing animador/Animator for Robin Hood disguised as stork, Sheriff of Nottingham, Maid Marian and Skippy |
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh | Animator | x | Animator for Winnie the Pooh, Piglet, Rabbit | Animator for Tigger, Winnie the Pooh (scenes with Tigger) and a few scenes of Roo | x | Animator for Kanga, Roo, Winnie The Pooh | Animator / Director | Producer and Director | Animator for Winnie the Pooh, Piglet, Owl and Christopher Robin |
The Rescuers | x | x | Directing animator/Animator for Bernard, Bianca, Penny, Rufus, Orville | Directing animator for Madame Medusa, Mr. Snoops, Penny, Brutus and Nero, a few scenes of Bernard and Bianca | x | Titles | Director | Producer and Director | Directing Animator/Animator for Bernard, Bianca, Chairmouse, Nero and Brutus |
The Fox and the Hound | x | x | Animator for Tod, Copper, Vixey, Chief walking in a busted leg | x | x | Animation Consultant | x | He devised the adaptation of the novel and co-produced the film | Supervising animator for Tod and Copper |
The Black Cauldron | x | x | x | x | x | Animation Consultant | x | x | x |
The Great Mouse Detective | x | x | x | x | x | Animation Consultant | x | x | x |
Notes[edit]
- ^According to Frank Thomas, they formed a board that studied all the possible problems affecting the company in relation to its works, but the number of members varied regularly. One day, when Walt Disney learned that there were nine people on the board at the time, he named the group 'Nine Old Men'. Walt Disney was jokingly referring to the then-famous 1936 bestselling book The Nine Old Men written by Robert S. Allen and Drew Pearson about the nine justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, most of whom were over the age of 70 at the time; meanwhile, the Disney nine were all in their thirty. (In turn, the U.S. Supreme Court was targeted as dominated by very old men by the proposed Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, whose enactment was allegedly averted by the switch in time that saved nine.) According to investigator Neal Gabler, the board was created between 1945 and 1947 as part of the reorganization that the study had to reduce company expenses.
- ^The symbol x means the animator didn't take part in the film production.
Core Animator 1 4 Full
References[edit]
- ^Canemaker, John (2001). Walt Disney's Nine Old Men and the Art of Animation. New York, New York: Disney Editions. ISBN0-7868-6496-6.
- ^Gabler, Neal (2006), Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination, A KNOPF e BOOK
- ^Lenburg, Jeff (2006), 'Kimball, Ward Walrath', Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film and Television's Award-Winning and Legendary Animators, Hal Leonard Corporation, ISBN978-1557836717
- ^Mouse Steps - Ted Thomas Interview About 'Growing Up with Nine Old Men' Bonus Film On Peter Pan Diamond Edition
- ^Reyes, Robert (16 October 2013). 'CSUF alum turned Disney animation artist sneak peaks [sic] latest film'. The Daily Titan. CSU Fullerton. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
Further reading[edit]
- Canemaker, John (2001). Walt Disney's Nine Old Men and the Art of Animation. New York, New York: Disney Editions. ISBN0-7868-6496-6.
- Deja, Andreas (2015). The Nine Old Men: Lessons, Techniques, and Inspiration from Disney's Great Animators. CRC Press. ISBN1-1350-1585-6.
- Larson, Eric et al. (2014). 50 Years in the Mouse House: The Lost Memoir of One of Disney's Nine Old Men. Theme Park Press. ISBN1-9415-0047-1.
- Mason, Fergus (2014). Disney’s Nine Old Men: A History of the Animators Who Defined Disney Animation. BookCaps Study Guides. ISBN1-6291-7259-6.
- Peri, Don (2008). Working with Walt: Interviews with Disney Artists. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN1-9341-1067-1.
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